Genomes and genomics

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Why should we study genomes?
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Each and everyone is a unique creation!
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Life’s little book of instructions
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DNA blue print of life!
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Human body has 10
13
cells and each cell
has 6 billion base pairs (A, C, G, T)
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A hidden language/code determines which
proteins should be made and when
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This language is common to all organisms
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Genome sequence can tell us…
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Everything about the organism's life
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Its developmental program
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Disease resistance or susceptibility
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How do we struggle, survive and die?
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Where are we going and where we came
from?
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How similar are we to apes, trees, and
yeast?
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How will the study of Genomics
impact this century?
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Biotechnology: more products
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GMOs: More food-More problems?
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Our society will not be the same!
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Individualized medicine
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Gene therapy
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Disease free life?
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Now look at your neighbor
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What do you see?
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Someone is different than you!
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Could be that your friend differs in his/her
sex, looks, nature, smartness, or simply the
way he/she dresses and talks
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How much similarity you think you share
with your friend at the gene level?
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99.9% so we could fix genes if we want
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Now look at your own hands and legs
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Do they look similar? No!
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But they contain the same DNA in each of
their cells
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DNA makes RNA makes proteins
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Different genes are expressed differently in
different cells, tissues and organs of an
organism
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Having a gene does not mean it will be
expressed.
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Someone has a cancer gene!
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It is a normal gene that got mutated or
changed and does not perform same job
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But having a gene does not mean you will
get cancer
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Because environment has a big role in
turning a gene on or off
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Different genes and their products also
interact: microecosystem
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Genes do not work alone (G+E)
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Genomics is the study of all
genes present in an organism
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Science of Genomics?
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A marriage of molecular biology, robotics,
and computing
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Tools and techniques of recombinant DNA
technology
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e.g., DNA sequencing, making libraries and PCRs
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High-throughput technology
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e.g., robotics for sequencing
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Computers are essential for processing and
analyzing the large quantities of data
generated
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Origin of Genomics
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Human Genome Project
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Goal: sequence 3 billion base pairs
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High-quality sequence (<1 error per 10 K bases) ACGT
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Immensity of task required new
technologies
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Automated sequencing
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Decision to sequence other genomes:
yeast and bacteria
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Beginnings of comparative genomics
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Technical foundations of genomics
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Molecular biology:
recombinant-DNA
technology
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DNA sequencing
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Library construction
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PCR amplification
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Hybridization
techniques
Log MW
Distanc
e
.
.
.
.
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